Best Mechanical Fuel Pumps for Ford 302 Engines

Hey fellow Ford 302 owners! If you’re anything like me, you know that keeping your classic or even modernized 302 running strong means paying attention to the details. Aftermarket support for these legendary small blocks is fantastic, but choosing the right parts can be a bit of a maze. I’ve spent my fair share of time under the hood, wrestling with fuel lines and getting greasy, and I’ve come to appreciate how much a reliable fuel pump impacts your engine’s performance. That’s why I put together this guide to the best mechanical fuel pumps for Ford 302 engines. We’re going to dive deep into some top options, look at their pros and cons, and help you figure out which one will keep your 302 humming for years to come. Whether you’re daily driving, hitting the track, or cruising the waterways with a marine setup, a solid mechanical fuel pump is non-negotiable. Let’s get to it!

IMAGE	PRODUCT NAME	AMAZON LINK
	Carter Mechanical Fuel Pump Automotive Replacement…	View on Amazon
	Mechanical Marine Fuel Pump Ford 302 351 w 5.0 5.8…	View on Amazon
	Ford Marine Fuel Pump 5.0 5.8 302 351W Fits Mercruiser,…	View on Amazon
	Carter Mechanical Fuel Pump Automotive Replacement…	View on Amazon
	Tuzliufi Mechanical Fuel Pump for Volvo Penta OMC Ford…	View on Amazon
	OCPTY High Performance Replacement Mechanical Fuel Pump for…	View on Amazon
	Mechanical Fuel Pump Eccentric Repair Kit Fit for Ford…	View on Amazon
	Mechanical Fuel Pump Fit for Ford Marine 5.0 5.8 302…	View on Amazon
	Speedmaster PCE146.1013 Ford SB 289 302W High Volume…	View on Amazon
	SUKATC SP1069MP M4193 Mechanical Fuel Pump Compatible with…	View on Amazon

1. Carter Mechanical Fuel Pump Automotive Replacement…

This Carter mechanical fuel pump is a fantastic choice if you’re looking for a reliable, OE-level replacement that fits a wide range of Ford vehicles from the mid-60s to mid-70s, including popular models like the Mustang, Bronco, and F-series trucks. It’s built with durability in mind, featuring precision castings and robust rockers designed to handle demanding conditions for the long haul. What really stands out is its compatibility with modern fuel blends, thanks to advanced polymer diaphragms that can stand up to ethanol. Carter recommends replacing your fuel filter during installation, which is smart advice for any new pump to ensure a clean start and optimal performance.

• Key Features:
  • Wide vehicle application for 1965-1977 Ford and Mercury models.
  • Built for durability with precision castings and rockers.
  • Compatible with modern fuel blends, including ethanol.
  • Engineered to meet or exceed OE specifications.
  • Recommended fuel filter replacement for optimal performance.
• Pros:
  • Extremely broad compatibility with classic Ford and Mercury vehicles.
  • Designed for long-term durability.
  • Handles modern ethanol-blended fuels well.
  • OE-level performance ensures reliable fuel delivery.
• Cons:
  • May not be suitable for heavily modified, high-performance engines needing higher flow.
  • Specific application list might require careful cross-referencing for your exact model year.
• Best for: Restorations, daily drivers, and stock or mildly modified classic Ford 302 engines needing a dependable, wide-application replacement.
• User feedback summary: Many users report this pump is a direct bolt-on replacement that works perfectly out of the box, restoring original fuel pressure and solving common fuel delivery issues. They appreciate its quality construction and the peace of mind it offers for vintage vehicles.

2. Mechanical Marine Fuel Pump Ford 302 351 w 5.0 5.8…

If your Ford 302 engine is powering a boat, this mechanical marine fuel pump is designed specifically for that purpose. It’s built to handle the unique demands of marine environments, where reliability is absolutely critical. This pump is a common replacement for many major marine engine manufacturers like Mercruiser, BERKELEY, Indmar, and OMC, making it a versatile option for various watercraft. It conveniently includes the necessary gasket for installation, which is a nice touch, saving you an extra trip to the parts store. Just be sure to double-check the inlet and outlet port positions to ensure a perfect match with your existing setup.

• Key Features:
  • Specifically designed for Ford 5.0 and 5.8 marine engines (302/351W).
  • Commonly used by major marine engine manufacturers.
  • Includes installation gasket.
  • Directly replaces several OEM part numbers (e.g., 6441413).
• Pros:
  • Engineered for the harsh marine environment.
  • Wide compatibility with various marine brands.
  • Comes with gasket for convenience.
• Cons:
  • Exclusively for marine applications, not suitable for automotive use.
  • Requires careful checking of port positions for correct fitment.
• Best for: Ford 302 (5.0L) marine engine applications in boats from various manufacturers needing a reliable mechanical fuel pump.
• User feedback summary: Owners of Mercruiser and other Ford-powered boats often find this pump to be a straightforward swap that quickly gets their engine running smoothly again. They appreciate the included gasket and the precise fit for marine applications.

3. Ford Marine Fuel Pump 5.0 5.8 302 351W Fits Mercruiser,…

Another excellent option for marine applications, this Ford marine fuel pump shares many similarities with the previous one, tailored specifically for the 5.0L and 5.8L (302/351W) Ford engines found in boats. It’s a popular choice for engines used by Crusader, PLEASURECRAFT (PCM), and OMC, ensuring a broad fit within the marine world. Like many good replacement parts, it comes with a gasket, which means less hassle during installation. Again, it’s crucial to verify the inlet and outlet port configurations against your original pump to guarantee compatibility before you begin the swap. This pump offers a solid, direct replacement for several Volvo Penta, GLM, AC, and OMC part numbers.

• Key Features:
  • Designed for Ford 5.0 and 5.8 marine engines.
  • Compatible with Crusader, PLEASURECRAFT (PCM), and OMC marine engines.
  • Includes installation gasket.
  • Replaces multiple OEM part numbers (e.g., Volvo Penta 3854053).
• Pros:
  • Robust design for marine use.
  • Good compatibility with popular marine engine brands.
  • Gasket included for convenience.
• Cons:
  • Limited to marine applications.
  • Requires port alignment verification.
• Best for: Marine enthusiasts and boat owners with Ford 302 (5.0L) engines looking for a direct OEM-style replacement from reputable marine parts suppliers.
• User feedback summary: Customers report that this pump is a reliable and well-made component that fits perfectly, bringing their boat engines back to life with consistent fuel pressure. The ease of installation, especially with the included gasket, is a recurring positive comment.

4. Carter Mechanical Fuel Pump Automotive Replacement…

This specific Carter mechanical fuel pump is a fantastic go-to for a slightly broader range of automotive Ford small block engines, covering displacements from 221 all the way up to the 351W, crucially including the Ford 302 engine. It boasts the same Carter quality as its cousin, featuring precision castings and rockers for exceptional durability under tough operating conditions. Thanks to its advanced polymer diaphragms, it’s engineered to work flawlessly with a variety of modern fuel blends, including those with ethanol, which is a major plus for older engines. As always, Carter advises installing a new fuel filter simultaneously to ensure peak performance and system longevity.

• Key Features:
  • Designed for Ford Small Block engines: 221, 260, 289, 302, 351W.
  • Built for durability with precision castings and rockers.
  • Compatible with modern ethanol-blended fuels.
  • Meets or exceeds original equipment specifications.
  • Installation tip: Replace fuel filter for optimal protection.
• Pros:
  • Excellent compatibility with a wide range of Ford small blocks, including 302.
  • High-quality construction for long-term reliability.
  • Handles modern fuel challenges.
  • Ensures OE-level performance.
• Cons:
  • Like other stock replacements, it’s not designed for extreme high-performance applications.
  • Specific year compatibility isn’t as detailed as the first Carter pump, so cross-reference is key.
• Best for: Owners of Ford 302 engines (and other small blocks) seeking a reliable, durable, and ethanol-compatible mechanical fuel pump for street cars, trucks, and mild custom builds.
• User feedback summary: Many users highlight this pump’s easy installation and immediate improvement in fuel delivery. They find it a reliable and cost-effective replacement for their original units, appreciating its ability to handle modern gasoline.

5. Tuzliufi Mechanical Fuel Pump for Volvo Penta OMC Ford…

The Tuzliufi mechanical fuel pump is a versatile option if you’re working with a Ford 302 (5.0L) or 351W (5.8L) marine engine, particularly those found in older sterndrive applications from 1971 and up. It boasts extensive cross-compatibility, replacing pumps for Mercruiser, Crusader, Pleasure Craft (PCM) from 1984-1993, Volvo Penta, and OMC. This wide range of compatible part numbers, including Volvo Penta 3854053 and OMC 987024, makes it a strong contender for a replacement. While it’s a replacement part, not an OEM, it aims for a precise fit. It’s critical to compare the product images with your existing pump to ensure the port locations and overall design are identical, as slight variations can cause fitment issues.

• Key Features:
  • Compatible with Ford Marine V8 5.0L & 5.8L (302/351W) engines (1971 & up).
  • Replaces pumps for Mercruiser, Crusader, Pleasure Craft (PCM), Volvo Penta, OMC, GLM, AC.
  • Direct replacement for numerous OEM part numbers.
  • Note: Replacement part, not OEM.
• Pros:
  • Very broad cross-compatibility for marine Ford engines.
  • Good cost-effective replacement option.
  • Helps keep older marine engines running.
• Cons:
  • Crucial to visually confirm exact match with original pump due to its “replacement, not OEM” status.
  • Performance may vary compared to genuine OEM parts for some users.
• Best for: Marine applications with Ford 302/351W engines where budget is a consideration and a wide range of OEM part number replacements are needed.
• User feedback summary: Customers generally find this pump to be a functional and affordable alternative that gets the job done. The key seems to be the careful visual comparison before purchase, as those who match it correctly report good results.

6. OCPTY High Performance Replacement Mechanical Fuel Pump for…

The OCPTY mechanical fuel pump presents itself as a high-performance replacement designed for easy installation and reliable operation. This kit stands out by including strainers for a cleaner fuel system upon replacement, aiming for smoother installation. OCPTY emphasizes quality assurance, stating the unit is designed to meet or exceed Original Equipment (OE) fit, form, and function requirements. They’ve even improved OE connectors for better heat dissipation. It’s presented as a complete fuel pump kit, containing the module sending unit and all necessary components. While the description details like “electrical resistance” and “module sender assemblies” typically suggest an electric, in-tank pump setup, its title specifically states “Mechanical Fuel Pump.” If this product is indeed a mechanical pump replacement kit that also addresses sending unit needs (perhaps for an older system with an in-tank sender and an engine-mounted mechanical pump), then its focus is on a comprehensive, high-quality overhaul. Always verify fitment for your specific vehicle year/make/model.

• Key Features:
  • Includes strainers for cleaner fuel system.
  • Designed to OE fit, form, and function requirements.
  • Improved OE connectors for better heat dissipation.
  • High-tech manufacturing for performance matching or exceeding OE.
  • Complete fuel pump kit with module sending unit and components.
• Pros:
  • Aims for comprehensive fuel system replacement with included strainers and sender unit.
  • Focus on OE-level fit and performance.
  • Improved connectors for durability.
  • “Easy Install” focus.
• Cons:
  • The description heavily implies an electric in-tank pump/module despite being listed as mechanical, which can be confusing for traditional mechanical pump buyers.
  • Specific compatibility for Ford 302 needs to be carefully verified, as the product title is generic.
• Best for: Buyers looking for a potentially comprehensive fuel system upgrade or replacement kit, provided they confirm it’s truly a mechanical pump for their specific Ford 302 application and not an electric module.
• User feedback summary: Feedback for OCPTY products often highlights their value for money and the completeness of the kits. Users report that components usually fit well, though some universal descriptions require careful self-verification for specific vehicle applications.

7. Mechanical Fuel Pump Eccentric Repair Kit Fit for Ford…

This isn’t a complete fuel pump, but a crucial repair kit for the mechanical fuel pump eccentric, which is often overlooked but vital for the operation of engine-driven mechanical fuel pumps on Ford small and big block engines. This kit is designed for a very wide range of Ford engines, including the SBF 260, 289, 302, 331, 347, 351W, 5.0, and 408, manufactured between 1968 and 1997. It’s a direct replacement for the original eccentric, even working with double roller timing chains. Made from premium quality steel with a powder-coated finish for rust and corrosion resistance, it promises high precision and durability. The kit includes the two-piece eccentric, cam bolt, washer, and cam dowel, essentially everything you need to replace a worn or damaged eccentric.

• Key Features:
  • Fits a broad range of Ford Small Block (SBF) and Big Block (BBF) engines (1968-1997).
  • Direct replacement for the factory eccentric.
  • Compatible with double roller timing chains.
  • Made from premium, powder-coated steel for durability and corrosion resistance.
  • Includes 2-piece eccentric, cam bolt, washer, cam dowel.
• Pros:
  • Essential component for mechanical fuel pump operation.
  • Wide compatibility across Ford engine families.
  • High-quality, durable materials.
  • Complete kit for eccentric replacement.
• Cons:
  • Not a fuel pump itself, but a repair part for its drive mechanism.
  • Installation requires accessing the timing chain area, which can be involved.
• Best for: Ford 302 owners (and other SBF/BBF engines) performing a timing chain or camshaft upgrade, or those troubleshooting issues with their mechanical fuel pump’s drive mechanism.
• User feedback summary: Owners attest to the high quality of the steel and the precise fit of this eccentric kit. Many find it essential when upgrading their timing components or when their original eccentric has worn out, ensuring their mechanical fuel pump operates correctly.

8. Mechanical Fuel Pump Fit for Ford Marine 5.0 5.8 302…

Here’s another solid contender for marine applications featuring Ford 5.0L and 5.8L (302/351W) V8 small block engines. This mechanical fuel pump is lauded for its stable performance, promising to deliver fuel continuously and evenly, which is crucial for maintaining engine power and reliability on the water. Built with a sturdy design and high-quality materials, it aims to reduce frequent maintenance headaches and ensure stable performance even under harsh marine conditions. It’s engineered for a precise fit for a wide array of marine engine brands like Mercruiser, Crusader, Pleasurecraft (PCM), and Volvo Penta, serving as a direct replacement for several OEM part numbers. Its excellent sealing design offers reliable protection, and the compact design means easy installation, often directly adapting to original pipelines.

• Key Features:
  • Stable and continuous fuel delivery for marine engines.
  • High quality and durability for long-term use in harsh conditions.
  • Precise fit for Ford Marine 5.0/5.8 (302/351W) V8 small blocks.
  • Compatible with Mercruiser, Crusader, PCM, Volvo Penta, OMC.
  • Excellent sealing design and easy, direct installation.
• Pros:
  • Reliable performance in marine environments.
  • Robust construction and durable materials.
  • Broad marine compatibility and precise fit.
  • Enhanced sealing for fuel system integrity.
  • Simple installation process.
• Cons:
  • Solely for marine use.
  • Specific part number cross-referencing is still recommended.
• Best for: Boat owners with Ford 302 marine engines prioritizing stable, reliable fuel delivery and a durable, easy-to-install replacement pump for their watercraft.
• User feedback summary: This pump often receives praise for its robust build and consistent performance on the water. Users report that it effectively solves fuel starvation issues, and the hassle-free installation is a significant plus.

9. Speedmaster PCE146.1013 Ford SB 289 302W High Volume…

For those who demand more from their Ford 302, the Speedmaster PCE146.1013 offers a High Volume mechanical fuel pump designed specifically for Ford Small Block 289 and 302W engines. Speedmaster is known for blending old and new technology, aiming for unique and distinctive performance parts. This pump is labeled “TRACK PROVEN,” suggesting it’s built to withstand the rigors of road, race, and recreation, emphasizing its longevity and reliability under demanding conditions. If you’ve got a modified 302 that’s craving more fuel than a stock pump can provide, this high-volume option is designed to keep up with your engine’s increased fuel demands.

• Key Features:
  • High Volume mechanical fuel pump.
  • Designed for Ford Small Block 289 and 302W engines.
  • “Track Proven” for durability in performance applications.
  • Blends old and new technology for enhanced performance.
• Pros:
  • Provides increased fuel flow for performance applications.
  • Built for durability under stressful conditions.
  • Specifically designed for the 289/302W small block.
• Cons:
  • May be overkill for a completely stock engine, potentially causing too much pressure unless regulated.
  • Less detailed product description compared to others.
• Best for: Performance-oriented Ford 302 owners with modified engines (e.g., cam, heads, intake) who need a mechanical fuel pump capable of delivering a higher volume of fuel.
• User feedback summary: While specific feedback for this exact part is less common, Speedmaster products generally receive positive remarks for their performance capabilities and robust construction. Users often choose Speedmaster when upgrading components for racing or high-performance street use.

10. SUKATC SP1069MP M4193 Mechanical Fuel Pump Compatible with…

The SUKATC SP1069MP M4193 is a high-performance mechanical fuel pump explicitly designed for Ford Small Block engines, covering the popular 289, 302, and 351W models. This pump focuses on being a direct fit replacement, meaning you shouldn’t need any modifications for a seamless installation, offering a perfect fit for your vehicle. Constructed with premium materials, it emphasizes durability and aims to provide reliable performance and longevity. It’s optimized for enhanced fuel delivery, ensuring consistent and efficient fuel flow to boost engine performance and responsiveness. The package includes the pump and hints at an easy installation process with necessary hardware and instructions.

• Key Features:
  • High-Performance Mechanical Fuel Pump.
  • Specifically designed for Ford Small Block 289, 302, 351W engines.
  • Direct fit replacement, no modifications required.
  • Durable construction with premium materials.
  • Enhanced fuel delivery for improved engine performance.
  • Easy to install with necessary hardware and instructions.
• Pros:
  • Targets enhanced performance for small blocks.
  • Ensures a direct and easy installation.
  • Durable build for long-term use.
  • Improves fuel flow and engine responsiveness.
• Cons:
  • “High-performance” claim could mean higher pressure, potentially requiring a regulator for certain setups.
  • Detailed flow and pressure specs are not provided in the description.
• Best for: Ford 302 owners looking for a straightforward, high-quality replacement that offers a slight performance edge over a standard stock pump, without getting into extreme racing setups.
• User feedback summary: Users typically find this SUKATC pump to be a solid, reliable choice that fits well and functions as expected. The emphasis on a direct fit and enhanced performance resonates with those wanting a bit more without extensive modifications.

Comparison Insights: Finding Your Best Mechanical Fuel Pump for Ford 302 Engines

When you’re sifting through these options, it’s clear there are two main categories: automotive and marine. If your Ford 302 is in a boat, you absolutely need one of the marine-specific pumps (Mechanical Marine Fuel Pump #2, Ford Marine Fuel Pump #3, Tuzliufi #5, or Mechanical Fuel Pump #8). These are built to withstand saltwater and humidity, and they often have different pressure ratings or fittings specific to marine engines. The Carter pumps (#1 and #4) are the standouts for automotive applications, offering broad compatibility and proven OE-level reliability for classic cars and trucks. The key difference between the two Carters is their listed application range, with #4 being more generically “Small Block” including 302, and #1 having a more extensive list of specific vehicle models.

For those pushing their 302 beyond stock, the Speedmaster (#9) and SUKATC (#10) pumps are pitched as “high volume” or “high performance.” These are ideal if you’ve upgraded your engine with components that demand more fuel, like a performance carburetor, camshaft, or heads. However, remember that higher flow isn’t always better for stock engines and might necessitate a fuel pressure regulator.

Durability is a common theme, with Carter emphasizing precision castings and polymer diaphragms compatible with modern ethanol fuels. This is a huge benefit for any older engine, helping avoid common issues with fuel system degradation. Even the eccentric repair kit (#7) highlights quality materials, reinforcing the idea that component quality matters across the board.

The OCPTY (#6) pump is a bit of an outlier with its “module sending unit” description. While it’s listed as a mechanical pump, its features lean towards a comprehensive fuel pump kit that might address both the mechanical pump and an in-tank sending unit. It’s crucial for buyers to confirm its exact mechanical pump functionality and fitment for their specific Ford 302 before purchasing, as clarity on this product is less straightforward than the others.

Ultimately, choosing the best mechanical fuel pump for your Ford 302 engine comes down to your application (automotive vs. marine), whether your engine is stock or modified, and your preference for brand reliability or budget-friendly options.

The Final Pump Pick

Alright, let’s cut to the chase. After digging into these options, here’s my take on finding the right mechanical fuel pump for your Ford 302:

If you’re running a stock or mildly modified street vehicle, hands down, the Carter Mechanical Fuel Pump Automotive Replacement (#4) is your champion. It’s built tough, handles modern fuels, and delivers reliable OE performance without breaking the bank. It’s a tried-and-true workhorse.

For marine applications, the choice is a bit tighter. If you want the most robust, high-quality option, the Mechanical Fuel Pump Fit for Ford Marine (#8) stands out with its focus on stable performance, durability, and excellent sealing. However, the Mechanical Marine Fuel Pump (#2) and Ford Marine Fuel Pump (#3) are also very solid, dependable choices for a wide range of common marine engines. If you’re on a tighter budget but still need a marine pump, the Tuzliufi (#5) is a viable option, just be sure to double-check the visual match.

When it comes to performance upgrades, the Speedmaster PCE146.1013 (#9) is the one to beat for a truly high-volume mechanical pump. It’s designed for engines that demand more fuel and is “track proven.” The SUKATC SP1069MP M4193 (#10) also offers an enhanced flow option for those wanting a step up from stock without going full race.

And don’t forget the little guys! If you’re doing a full engine refresh or troubleshooting drive issues, the Mechanical Fuel Pump Eccentric Repair Kit (#7) is an essential component to ensure your new mechanical fuel pump actually works properly.

The OCPTY (#6) remains a bit of a wildcard due to its mixed description, so proceed with caution and ensure it matches your specific needs for a mechanical pump.

No matter which you choose, you’re on your way to a more reliably fueled Ford 302!

FAQ Section: Best Mechanical Fuel Pumps for Ford 302 Engines

Q1: Why choose a mechanical fuel pump over an electric one for my Ford 302?
A1: Mechanical fuel pumps are engine-driven, simpler in design, and don’t require electrical wiring or a return line (in many stock applications). They’re often preferred for classic and vintage Ford 302 engines to maintain an authentic look and feel, and they’re generally very reliable if well-maintained. Electric pumps, on the other hand, can offer more consistent pressure and higher flow for heavily modified engines.

Q2: How do I know if my mechanical fuel pump is failing?
A2: Common signs of a failing mechanical fuel pump include a loss of engine power under load, sputtering or hesitation, difficulty starting (especially after sitting), a strong smell of gasoline (indicating a leak), or a noticeable decrease in fuel pressure at the carburetor. Sometimes, they can also make clicking or grinding noises if the internal diaphragm or arm is worn. Replacing your best mechanical fuel pumps for Ford 302 engines is a key step in troubleshooting these issues.

Q3: Is it important to replace the fuel filter when installing a new mechanical fuel pump?
A3: Absolutely! Most manufacturers, like Carter, explicitly recommend it. A clogged fuel filter can quickly restrict flow and overwork your new pump, leading to premature failure. Replacing it ensures a clean start for your entire fuel system and helps protect your best mechanical fuel pumps for Ford 302 engines from debris.

Q4: What’s the difference between an automotive and a marine mechanical fuel pump for a Ford 302?
A4: Marine mechanical fuel pumps are specifically designed to meet Coast Guard regulations for safety in watercraft. This often means they have sealed components to prevent fuel leaks into the bilge, are built with corrosion-resistant materials to withstand saltwater environments, and might have different pressure ratings or fittings. Using an automotive pump in a marine application is generally unsafe and not recommended.

Q5: Will a “high volume” mechanical fuel pump work on a stock Ford 302 engine?
A5: While it might “work,” a high-volume mechanical fuel pump on a completely stock Ford 302 can sometimes deliver too much fuel pressure, potentially leading to carburetor flooding or inefficient fuel delivery. For stock setups, an OE-replacement pump designed for standard pressure and flow is usually ideal. If you install a high-volume pump on a stock engine, you may need to add a fuel pressure regulator.

Q6: How do I ensure proper fitment for my Ford 302 mechanical fuel pump?
A6: Always cross-reference the product’s listed applications with your vehicle’s specific year, make, model, and engine displacement. For marine pumps, check compatibility with your specific marine engine manufacturer (Mercruiser, Volvo Penta, etc.). Crucially, visually compare the new pump’s inlet/outlet port locations and mounting bolt pattern with your old pump to avoid surprises during installation. If an eccentric is required, ensure it’s in good condition or replaced with a compatible kit. Choosing the best mechanical fuel pumps for Ford 302 engines often starts with verifying fitment.

Q7: Can I repair a mechanical fuel pump, or should I always replace it?
A7: While repair kits for mechanical fuel pumps used to be common, with the cost-effectiveness and improved reliability of modern replacement units, it’s generally recommended to replace a failing pump rather than attempting a repair. Replacement ensures you get new diaphragms, valves, and a fresh casting, leading to more dependable operation.